Steering and sailing rules
Regole di rotta e manovra · 12 parti · 10 figure · 50 min
Look-out, safe speed, risk of collision and how to act; then who gives way when overtaking, crossing and meeting head-on, the order of precedence between types of vessel, and conduct in restricted visibility.
The Steering and Sailing Rules in three groups
Le regole di rotta in tre gruppi
Rules 4-10 apply at all times, in any visibility (look-out, safe speed, risk of collision, action to avoid collision, narrow channels, traffic separation schemes). Rules 11-18 apply only when two vessels are in sight of one another, that is, when one can see the other by eye: a radar echo is not enough (Rule 3(k)). Rule 19 applies to vessels not in sight of one another in restricted visibility, where there is no give-way or stand-on vessel: everyone must act.
| Rules | When they apply | What they cover |
|---|---|---|
4-10 | Always, in any condition of visibility. | Look-out, speed, risk of collision, action to avoid collision, narrow channels, traffic separation. |
11-18 | Only when vessels are in sight of one another: seen by eye, a radar echo is not enough. | Overtaking, head-on, crossing, sailing vessels, give-way and stand-on, order of precedence. |
19 | Vessels NOT in sight of one another, in restricted visibility. | Here there is no "give-way" and "stand-on" vessel: everyone must act. |
In short
- First ask yourself: can we see each other by eye? If so, Rules 11-18 apply.
- If we cannot see each other, Rule 19 applies.
Remember. 4-10 always. 11-18 in sight. 19 not in sight.
Exam terms (3)
- In sight of one another
- in vista una dall'altra
- Give-way vessel
- nave che dà la via
- Stand-on vessel
- nave che mantiene
Look-out and safe speed
Vedetta e velocità di sicurezza
The first two rules are the basic habit of anyone on watch. The look-out (Rule 5) is never switched off: it is kept by sight and hearing and by all available means, ahead and astern. Safe speed (Rule 6) is not a fixed number: you choose it by looking at visibility, traffic density, the manoeuvrability of the vessel (stopping distance and turning ability), wind, sea, current and nearby dangers. At night the background light counts too, in shallow water the draught in relation to the available depth, and with radar its limitations. A speed is safe if it leaves you time to take the right action and to stop within a distance appropriate to the circumstances.
From the rules: Regola 5
«Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.»
From the rules: Regola 6, introduzione e (a)
«Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account: (a) By all vessels: (i) the state of visibility; (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels; (iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions; (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights; (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards; (vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.»
From the rules: Regola 6(b)
«(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar: (i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment; (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use; (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference; (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range; (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar; (vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.»
From the rules: Regola 7(a)(b)
«(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist. (b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.»
From the rules: Regola 7(c)(d)
«(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information. (d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account: (i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change; (ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.»
| Rule | What you must do |
|---|---|
5 · Look-out | Always: by sight and hearing as well as by all available means, ahead and astern. |
6 · Safe speed | Choose your speed considering visibility, traffic density, manoeuvrability of the vessel, wind, sea, current and nearby dangers. |
6 · At night and in shallow water | Also consider background light and the draught in relation to the available depth. |
6 · With radar | Take into account the limitations of the radar. |
In short
- Your speed is safe if it gives you time to take the right action and to stop within a distance appropriate to the circumstances.
Remember. Always keep a look-out. Safe speed = a speed at which you can still avoid a collision and stop.
Exam terms (3)
- Look-out
- vedetta
- Safe speed
- velocità di sicurezza
- Stopping distance
- spazio di arresto
The bearing tells you if there is a risk
Il rilevamento ti dice se c'è rischio
How do you tell whether there is a risk of collision? You watch the compass bearing, that is, the direction in which you see the other vessel. If it does not appreciably change while she approaches, you are heading for the same point and the risk exists (Rule 7). If it does change, she will usually pass clear, but she must stay under observation: risk may exist even when the bearing changes appreciably, when approaching a very large vessel, a tow or a vessel at close range. If there is any doubt, risk shall be deemed to exist, and assumptions must not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially radar information (7(c)). The figure shows the two cases, constant bearing and changing bearing.
In short
- If in doubt, risk of collision exists.
- With scanty information, especially radar, do not make assumptions.
Watch out. Risk can exist even when the bearing changes: with a very large vessel, a tow, or at close range.
Exam terms (3)
- Risk of collision
- rischio di collisione
- Compass bearing
- rilevamento
- Close quarters
- distanza ravvicinata
Large action, taken in good time
Manovra ampia e per tempo
Rule 8 asks for a manoeuvre the other vessel can understand at once. In the figure four small corrections go unnoticed, one large alteration does not: the change of course or speed must be large enough to be readily apparent, on radar too. If there is sea room, an alteration of course alone is often enough, provided it is made in good time, is substantial and does not create a new close-quarters situation. The action must result in passing at a safe distance, and its effect must be checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear. If necessary, slacken speed or take all way off. A vessel which is required by the Rules not to impede another vessel (8(f)) takes early action to allow sufficient sea room.
From the rules: Regola 8(a)(b)(c)
«(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship. (b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided. (c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.»
From the rules: Regola 8(d)(e)
«(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear. (e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.»
From the rules: Regola 8(f)
«(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. (ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this part. (iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.»
In short
- Alter course or speed enough to be noticed at once, even on radar.
- No series of small alterations.
- Act early, decisively, and without creating a new risk.
- Check the effect until the other vessel is past and clear.
- If necessary, slow down or take all way off.
Remember. Early, large, clear: the other vessel must see at once that you have changed.
Exam terms (3)
- Substantial alteration
- variazione ampia
- Ample time
- tempo utile
- Good seamanship
- buona marineria
Give-way and stand-on
Chi dà la via e chi mantiene
When two vessels are in sight of one another, one has one duty and the other another. The give-way vessel acts early and decisively so as to pass well clear (Rule 16). The stand-on vessel keeps her course and speed (Rule 17), but she is not a passenger: she may act on her own as soon as it becomes apparent that the other is not taking appropriate action and, when collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she takes the action that will best avoid collision. In a crossing situation between two power-driven vessels, if she acts, she avoids if possible altering course to port for a vessel on her own port side. Being the stand-on vessel does not relieve the other of her obligation to give way (17(d)).
From the rules: Regola 16
«Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.»
From the rules: Regola 17(a)(b)
«(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed. (ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules. (b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.»
From the rules: Regola 17(c)(d)
«(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side. (d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.»
From the rules: Regola 18(a)(b)(c)
«Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require: (a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing; (iv) a sailing vessel. (b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing. (c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.»
From the rules: Regola 18(d)
«(d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. (ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.»
In short
- In a crossing situation between two power-driven vessels, if the stand-on vessel takes action she should, if she can, avoid altering course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
Head-on: both alter to starboard
Incontro di prua: tutti a dritta
Two power-driven vessels on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses are in a head-on situation (Rule 14). Neither stands on: both alter course to starboard and pass port to port, red to red, as in the figure. If you have any doubt whether it is a head-on situation, assume that it is. At night you recognise it because you see red and green together, with the masthead lights nearly in line. The quotation below gathers Rules 12-15, that is, sailing vessels, overtaking and crossing as well, which the following cards explain one by one.
From the rules: Regola 12(a)
«(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows: (i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other; (ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward; (iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.»
From the rules: Regola 12(b)
«(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.»
From the rules: Regola 13
«(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. (b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights. (c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly. (d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.»
From the rules: Regola 14
«(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other. (b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel. (c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.»
From the rules: Regola 15
«When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.»
In short
- Reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses, between two power-driven vessels.
- Both alter course to starboard.
- They pass port to port, red to red.
- If in doubt whether it is a head-on situation, assume that it is.
Remember. Head-on, nobody stands on: both alter course to starboard.
Watch out. At night: red and green together, with the masthead lights nearly in line, is a head-on situation.
Exam terms (3)
- Head-on
- incontro di prua
- Alter course to starboard
- accostare a dritta
- Port to port
- sinistra contro sinistra
Crossing: the vessel with the other on her starboard side gives way
Incrocio: dà la via chi ha l'altra a dritta
In a crossing situation between two power-driven vessels (Rule 15) the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side gives way. In the figure you are the lower vessel and the other comes from your starboard side: so you give way, acting early and decisively. If you can, you avoid crossing ahead of her and pass astern; the other vessel keeps her course and speed. At night the clue is the red light: if you see her red light, she is showing you her port side and you have her on your starboard side. But red alone is not enough: the angle at which you see her is what counts.
In short
- Between two power-driven vessels crossing, the one that has the other on her starboard side gives way.
- If you can, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel: pass astern.
- Act early and decisively.
- The other vessel keeps her course and speed.
Remember. Do you see the other vessel on your starboard side? Give way. At night: you see her red light.
Watch out. Seeing a red light alone is not enough: the angle matters. A red light crossing your bow is her port side towards you.
Exam terms (3)
- Crossing
- incrocio
- Keep out of the way
- dare la via (tenersi fuori dalla rotta)
- Pass astern
- passare a poppa
Overtaking: the overtaking vessel gives way
Sorpasso: chi sorpassa dà la via
In overtaking (Rule 13) the rule is simple: any vessel overtaking, whatever she is, keeps out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. You are overtaking if you come up from more than 22.5° abaft the beam, as in the figure: the position from which, at night, you would see only her sternlight. You remain the overtaking vessel until you are finally past and clear, and if in doubt you assume you are overtaking. This holds for a sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel too: the sailing vessel must still keep out of the way.
In short
- The overtaking vessel, whatever she is, keeps out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
- You are overtaking if you come up from more than 22.5° abaft the beam.
- It is the position from which, at night, you would see only her sternlight.
- You remain the overtaking vessel until you are finally past and clear.
- If in doubt, assume you are overtaking.
Remember. If you see only the other vessel's sternlight, you are overtaking her: give way.
Watch out. A sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel must still keep out of the way.
Exam terms (2)
- Overtaking vessel
- nave che sorpassa
- Abaft the beam
- a poppavia del traverso
Two sailing vessels: the wind decides
Due barche a vela: conta il vento
Between two sailing vessels it is not size that counts but the wind (Rule 12). If each has the wind on a different side, the vessel with the wind on the port side keeps out of the way (port tack). If both have the wind on the same side, the vessel to windward keeps out of the way. The windward side is the side opposite the mainsail. If you have the wind on the port side, see a vessel to windward and cannot tell on which side she has the wind, you keep out of the way. Rule 12 does not apply if either vessel is using her engine for propulsion: she is then no longer a 'sailing vessel'.
In short
- The windward side is the side opposite the mainsail.
- You have the wind on the port side, you see a vessel to windward and cannot tell which side she has the wind on: give way.
Remember. Wind on the port side: give way. Same side: the windward vessel gives way.
Watch out. Rule 12 does not apply if either vessel is under power: she is then no longer "sailing".
Exam terms (4)
- Port tack
- mure a sinistra (vento a sinistra)
- Starboard tack
- mure a dritta (vento a dritta)
- Windward
- sopravvento
- Leeward
- sottovento
Who has precedence over whom
Chi ha la precedenza sugli altri
Rule 18 lines the vessels up by how little freedom of manoeuvre they have. From the top, the most privileged: not under command (NUC), restricted in her ability to manoeuvre (RAM), engaged in fishing, sailing vessel, power-driven vessel. Each keeps out of the way of those higher in the list: the power-driven vessel gives way to all the others, the sailing vessel to NUC, RAM and fishing vessels, and the fishing vessel, so far as possible, to NUC and RAM. A vessel constrained by her draught, showing the signals of Rule 28, is not in the list but, when circumstances allow, all vessels other than NUC and RAM vessels shall avoid impeding her safe passage (18(d)). The quotation of Rule 18 is in the card on give-way and stand-on.
The hierarchy of Rule 18 applies 'except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require'. That is why a sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel must still give way (Rule 13), and why a yacht in a narrow channel must not impede a vessel which can navigate only inside it (Rule 9(b)). Moreover, a vessel counts as NUC, RAM or engaged in fishing only if she is really in that condition and shows the corresponding lights or shapes (Rule 3 and Rules 26-27). A fishing vessel on passage is not 'engaged in fishing' and has no privileges.
In short
- A power-driven vessel gives way to all the others.
- A sailing vessel gives way to vessels not under command, restricted in their ability to manoeuvre, and fishing.
- A vessel engaged in fishing does her best to keep out of the way of vessels not under command or restricted in ability to manoeuvre.
- This applies only if the vessel is really in that condition and shows the right lights or shapes.
Remember. Power-driven gives way to all, then sail, then fishing: the less freedom to manoeuvre, the greater the precedence.
Watch out. A sailing vessel that is overtaking must give way (Rule 13); in a narrow channel she does not impede a vessel that can navigate only there (Rule 9).
Exam terms (3)
- Not under command
- non governa
- Restricted in ability to manoeuvre
- manovra limitata
- Engaged in fishing
- in pesca
Narrow channels and traffic separation schemes
Canali stretti e corsie di traffico
The two situations are alike: you are in a space where traffic is channelled. In a narrow channel (Rule 9) you keep to the starboard side, as near to the outer limit as is safe and practicable, and you avoid anchoring, if the circumstances of the case admit. In a traffic separation scheme (Rule 10) you follow the lane in the general direction of traffic flow and keep clear of the separation line; you join and leave at the ends or, from the sides, at as small an angle as practicable. If you must cross a lane, you do so on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the traffic flow. Vessels of less than 20 m and sailing vessels must not impede a vessel which can safely navigate only within the channel or lane. Approaching a blind bend, you proceed with caution and sound one prolonged blast.
From the rules: Regola 9(a)(b)
«(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable. (b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.»
From the rules: Regola 10(c)
«(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.»
| Narrow channel (9) | Traffic separation scheme (10) | |
|---|---|---|
Where to keep | Keep to the starboard side of the channel, as close as is safe to the outer limit. | Follow the lane in the general direction of traffic flow and keep clear of the separation lines. |
Joining and leaving | Avoid anchoring in the channel. | Join and leave at the ends; from the sides, at as small an angle as possible. |
Crossing | Do not cross if it impedes a vessel that can navigate only within the channel. | With the heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the traffic flow. |
Who must not impede | Vessels under 20 m, sailing vessels and fishing vessels must not impede those navigating only there. | Vessels under 20 m and sailing vessels must not impede a power-driven vessel in the lane. |
In short
- Blind bend: proceed with caution and sound a prolonged blast.
Remember. Channel: keep to the starboard side. Lane: go with the traffic flow, and cross with the heading as nearly as possible at right angles.
Exam terms (3)
- Narrow channel
- canale stretto
- Traffic separation scheme
- dispositivo di separazione del traffico
- Traffic lane
- corsia di traffico
Fog: vessels that cannot see each other
Nebbia: navi che non si vedono
In fog (or heavy rain, snow, mist) with vessels not in sight of one another, there is no 'give-way' and no 'stand-on' vessel: everyone must act, with caution (Rule 19). Proceed at a safe speed, with engines ready for immediate manoeuvre and an extra look-out. If you detect another vessel by radar alone, you must determine whether a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists and, if so, act in ample time. So far as possible, avoid an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam (other than one being overtaken) and an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam, as in the figure. As soon as you see the vessel by eye, Rule 19 ends and Rules 11-18 apply again, with the signals of Rule 34.
From the rules: Regola 19(a)(b)(c)
«(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility. (b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre. (c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.»
From the rules: Regola 19(d)
«(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided: (i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken; (ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.»
From the rules: Regola 19(e)
«(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.»
In short
- Safe speed, engines ready for immediate manoeuvre, and an extra look-out.
- If you detect a vessel by radar alone, determine whether a close-quarters situation or risk of collision is developing.
- If so, act in good time. If you alter course, avoid, so far as possible, an alteration to port for a vessel forward of the beam.
- Also avoid altering course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
- If you hear her fog signal forward of the beam, reduce speed to the minimum at which you can keep on your course.
Remember. In fog nobody "stands on": everyone must act, with caution. As soon as you see the vessel by eye, Rules 11-18 apply again.
Watch out. Rule 19 applies to vessels not in sight of one another: once a vessel comes into sight, the rules for vessels in sight and the signals of Rule 34 are used.
Exam terms (3)
- Restricted visibility
- visibilità ridotta
- Close-quarters situation
- situazione di distanza ravvicinata
- Radar alone
- solo con il radar
In short: what to remember
4-10 always. 11-18 in sight. 19 not in sight.
Always keep a look-out. Safe speed = a speed at which you can still avoid a collision and stop.
Early, large, clear: the other vessel must see at once that you have changed.
Head-on, nobody stands on: both alter course to starboard.
Do you see the other vessel on your starboard side? Give way. At night: you see her red light.
If you see only the other vessel's sternlight, you are overtaking her: give way.
Wind on the port side: give way. Same side: the windward vessel gives way.
Power-driven gives way to all, then sail, then fishing: the less freedom to manoeuvre, the greater the precedence.
Channel: keep to the starboard side. Lane: go with the traffic flow, and cross with the heading as nearly as possible at right angles.
In fog nobody "stands on": everyone must act, with caution. As soon as you see the vessel by eye, Rules 11-18 apply again.
Fine del capitolo
Quiz di fine capitolo · 6 domandeFonti: COLREG (MSN 1781) Regole 3(k), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; Flip Card Rules of road (carte 1-23)